The demographic picture of Ukraine today is a complex puzzle where migration, birth rates, and population aging are intertwined with geopolitics and the economy. Will this transformation become a challenge or an opportunity? And what mechanisms can ensure the demographic stability of our state during the full-scale Russian military aggression? This was discussed in an interview for the program "About Science. Competently" (hosted by academician of the NAS of Ukraine Volodymyr Semynozhenko) specially for the YouTube channel of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine by the demographer scientist, deputy director for scientific work of the M. Ptukha Institute of Demography and Social Studies of the NAS of Ukraine, corresponding member of the NAS of Ukraine Oleksandr Hladun.